Australia is considering tougher rules for acceptable levels of toxic per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water.

The National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) has released draft guidelines revising the limits for four PFAS chemicals in drinking water, reflecting concerns about long-term exposure and health risks.

This move follows the introduction of new regulations in the United States in April 2024, when the US Environment Protection Agency brought in mandatory regulations to dramatically reduce PFAS in drinking water to 4 parts per trillion.

What are 'forever chemicals'?

These synthetic, manmade chemicals are everywhere. Used in non-stick cookware, fabric treatments and firefighting foam, they are now found in our bodies, food, and even rain. PFAS do not break down, so they accumulate, causing health problems like cancer, liver issues and fertility problems.

In response, the draft guidelines propose stricter limits based on evidence linking PFAS exposure to various health issues. The limit for PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), used in making products like nonstick cookware, would drop from 560 nanograms per litre (ngl) to 200 ngl. Similarly, the limit for PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), once a primary ingredient in fabric protectors, would be slashed from 70 ngl to just 4 ngl.

While the proposed limits for PFOS align with draft guidelines in the US, Australia's limit for PFOA remains higher than that in the US. However, Australians are advised not to be concerned about PFAS in public drinking water unless specifically notified, as authorities emphasise the safety of the water.

"NHMRC’s guidelines reflect Australia’s unique context, drawing on international advice while ensuring it aligns with our local health and safety standards. We do not automatically adopt overseas values without thorough review and adaptation to our conditions," explains Professor Steve Wesselingh, chief executive, NHMRC.

"While the guideline values proposed are lower than those currently in place, that does not mean there is an immediate risk to your health if you continue to drink tap water," he added.

What's the good news?

The global community is actively working to address the PFAS contamination of drinking water. For example:

• Engineers at the University of British Columbia have developed a new technology capable of removing up to 99% of PFAS, or "forever chemicals," from drinking water.
• Two UK students received the prestigious Stockholm Junior Water Prize 2024 for their work on PFAS pollution reduction from surface water in the Thames basin.

What can I do?

The draft guidelines will remain open for public consultation until 22 November 2024, allowing scientists, stakeholders, and the public to provide feedback before the final limits are established. You can find out more here.